ABSTRACT
The experimental group included 68 children over 6 years of age who had recovered from COVID-19. The control group included 22 children over 6 years of age who have never had COVID-19. Research methods included neurological examination, verification of cognitive status, examination by an otolaryngologist, and smell and taste assessment. The examination was performed 6-8 weeks after COVID-19 recovery and after 1 year in some patients. Children who recovered from COVID-19 had a reduction in their ability to smell compared to children who had never had COVID-19. The olfactory thresholds and taste identification scores after recovery from COVID-19 were identical, whether the parents had reported anosmia in their children during COVID-19 or not, and irrespective of hyperthermia level and the presence or absence of headache and hyperhidrosis during COVID-19. Analysis of correlation with neuropsychiatric symptoms showed no differences in the olfactory thresholds in children irrespective of the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (tics, tremors, enuresis, compulsive movements, seizures, speech disorders, attention deficit, and easy fatigability) both in general, and in particular among subjects performing or not any compulsive movements, and experiencing or not a combination of easy fatigability and daytime sleepiness. Evidence suggests that in children and adolescents, partial hyposmia is associated with depressive symptoms, varying in severity from low to high, but symptoms of depression were not caused by COVID-19 infection itself. Analysis in subgroups with different degrees of state and trait anxiety did not reveal any significant differences in the olfactory threshold. A re-examination of 21 children was performed after 1 year. An objective olfactometric examination showed that the sensitivity to odorants increased significantly. In 1 year, we compared the thresholds of smell in children who had COVID-19 and those who did not have this disease: olfactory sensitivity after COVID-19 in children is restored to normal values. Schulte correction test showed that none of 14 children with asthenic manifestations in the form of fluctuations or exhaustion when performing the test immediately after COVID-19 had these manifestations after 1 year. Thus, asthenization of cognitive activity was recorded within the next 1.5 months after suffering from COVID-19 but was absent after 1 year.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study is to estimate olfaction in post-COVID-19 children.Research methods. The study included 81 children, they were divided into two groups: those who had COVID-19 and those who had not.Survey procedures. Pediatrician, neurologist and otolaryngologists clinical examinations, cognitive status estimation, olfactometry were performed.Results. The olfaction perception threshold post-COVID-19 children and adolescents was higher than in children who have not undergone this infection. Changes in olfaction perception threshold did not depend on how participants and their parents informed about the sense of smell. The involvement of olfactory sensitivity in the pathological process does not depend on the infection severity itself or premorbid neurological lesion.Conclusion. It has been shown for the first time in the Russian sample that changes in sense of smell persist in children 3-4 weeks after recovery from COVID-19. Цель исследования - оценка обоняния у детей после перенесенной COVID-19.Методы исследования. В исследование был включен 81 ребенок, исследуемые были поделены на две группы сопоставимые по полу и возрасту: перенесшие COVID-19 и не перенесшие.Методика обследования. Клинические осмотры педиатра, невролога, оториноларинголога, оценка когнитивного статуса, ольфактометрия.Результаты. У детей и подростков, перенесших COVID-19, порог обоняния оказался выше, чем у детей, не перенесших инфекцию. Изменение порога обоняния не зависело от того, как информировали об обонянии сами участники и их родители. Вовлечение в патологический процесс обонятельной чувствительности не зависит от тяжести самой инфекции или преморбидного неврологического повреждения.Заключение. Впервые на российской выборке показано, что еще через 3-4 нед после выздоровления от COVID-19 у детей сохраняются изменения обоняния.
ABSTRACT
The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation jointly with professional association and experts in the field of pediatrics, infectious diseases and resuscitation has revised guidelines “Clinical Features and Management of the Disease Caused by New Coronaviral Infection (COVID-19) in Children” in order to provide the child population with effective medical care during the pandemic of the new coronaviral infection. The practical experience of specialists from various countries was considered during the development of this document. Special attention should be given to the evidence base of the presented data, as well as to the efficiency and safety issues of medications used in treatment of coronaviral infection and its complications. The authors highlight the problems of prevention, diagnostics and management of pathological conditions caused by COVID-19 in the article according to the presented guidelines. Patient’s management is presented depending on the age and severity of the disease itself. The therapy is considered with regard to etiological, pathogenetic and symptom focus. С целью обеспечения детского населения эффективной медицинской помощью в условиях пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции Минздравом России совместно с профессиональными ассоциациями и экспертами в области педиатрии, инфекционных болезней и реанимации были переработаны методические рекомендации «Особенности клинических проявлений и лечения заболевания, вызванного новой коронавирусной инфекцией (COVID-19), у детей». При разработке документа был учтен практический опыт не только специалистов нашей страны, но и зарубежных коллег. Особое внимание уделено доказательной базе представленных данных, а также вопросам эффективности и безопасности лекарственных препаратов, применяемых при лечении данной инфекции и ее осложнений. В статье на основании указанных методических рекомендаций авторы освещают вопросы профилактики, диагностики, лечения патологических состояний, обусловленных COVID-19. Тактика ведения пациента представлена в зависимости от возраста и степени тяжести течения болезни, терапия рассмотрена с позиций этиологической, патогенетической и симптоматической направленности.
ABSTRACT
Background. The number of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 is growing worldwide. It is necessary to study features of prevalence and clinical signs in pediatric population considering the fact that this disease is rather new.The aim of the study is to analyze the features of prevalence and clinical signs of pathologic process of COVID-19 in pediatric patients according to the results of practical experience of primary care medical facility (Children’s City Outpatients Clinic № 133) under the conditions of pandemia.Methods. Pediatricians of Children’s City Outpatient’s Clinic № 133 have examined certain categories of pediatric patients (especially who came from abroad or contacted with infection) for the presence of a new coronaviral infection in February 2020. Doctors have been examining children with catarrhal symptoms and hyperthermia since March 2020. The survey of children in February and March was carried out in accordance with algorithms (uniform for adults and children) approved by the Moscow City Health Department. Later, the survey was carried out in accordance with the guidelines for children prepared by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The throat and nose swabs on SARS-CoV-2 were performed for all patients on the 1st, 11th and 13th day of the disease.Results. 1,900 children (or 3.1% of total attached pediatric population) have been examined in our outpatient’s clinic with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method on the presence of the new coronavirus RNA since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. The course of disease was analyzed in first 100 patients with the confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis: 58 (58%) boys and 42 (42%) girls. In 81% of cases we revealed the source of infection, in 19% - we did not. The disease was asymptomatic in 11 (11%) children examined after the contact with ill relatives;89% had mild COVID-19 disease with light catarrhal signs. The most numerous group of patients who had COVID-19 consisted of children over 10 years of age (42%);in 20% of cases it was pupils from 7 to 10 years old. Smell disorders were reported in children over the age of 10 in 50% of all cases.Conclusion. New coronaviral infection COVID-19 in children is taking mild course, without complications, under the «mask» of common viral infection. Thus, it is unknown either those who have undergone COVID-19 asymptomatically remain healthy or they need special rehabilitation. The timely development of clear algorithm with step-by-step instructions for various situations for every health professional is crucial during these difficult times. Актуальность. В мире растет число людей, инфицированных коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2, вызывающим COVID-19. Учитывая тот факт, что болезнь новая, необходимо изучение особенностей распространения и клинической картины, в частности в детской популяции.Цель - на основании результатов практической работы медицинской организации первичного медико-санитарного звена (поликлиники;ГБУЗ «ДГП № 133 ДЗМ») в условиях пандемии проанализировать особенности распространения и клинической картины патологического процесса COVID-19 у пациентов детского возраста.Методы. В феврале 2020 г. педиатры ГБУЗ «ДГП № 133 ДЗМ» обследовали на наличие новой коронавирусной инфекции определенные категории пациентов детского возраста, а именно приехавших из-за рубежа, контактных с больным, прежде всего в семейных очагах;с марта 2020 г. врачи обследовали детей с катаральными явлениями и гипертермией. Обследование детей в феврале и марте проводилось в соответствии с утвержденными Департаментом здравоохранения города Москвы алгоритмами, едиными для взрослых и детей;в последующем обследование осуществлялось согласно методическим рекомендациям, подготовленным Министерством здравоохранения Российской Федерации для детей. Тест биоматериала на SARS-CoV-2 из зева и носа проводился пациентам в 1-й, 11-й и 13-й день болезни.Результаты. С начала пандемии COVID-19 в России в нашей поликлинике до 20 апреля 2020 г. методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) обследовано 1900 детей (3,1% всего прикрепленного детского населения) на наличие РНК нового коронавируса. Проанализировано течение болезни у первых 100 пациентов с подтвержденным COVID-19: 58 (58%) мальчиков и 42 (42%) девочки. У 81% детей был установлен источник заражения, у 19% детей выявить источник заражения не удалось. У 11 (11%) детей, обследованных по контакту с больным родственником, болезнь протекала бессимптомно;у 89% отмечалось легкое течение COVID-19 с незначительными катаральными явлениями. Самую многочисленную группу пациентов, перенесших COVID-19, составили дети старше 10 лет (42%): в 20% случаев заболевшими были школьники от 7 до 10 лет. Нарушение обоняния, по данным наблюдения, зарегистрировано у детей в возрасте старше 10 лет в 50% случаев.Заключение. Новая коронавирусная инфекция COVID-19 у детей протекает в легкой форме, без осложнений, под «маской» обычной вирусной инфекции, однако не известно, остаются ли здоровыми те, кто перенес COVID-19 бессимптомно, или для них нужна специальная реабилитация. Критически важным является своевременная разработка четкого алгоритма с пошаговой инструкцией для каждого сотрудника при различных ситуациях в период повышенной готовности.